Tag: laravel

Laravel 8 + Jetstream 2 + Livewire + Mix + NPM + Datatables

A post for Google’s crawler as this took me far too long to get working and the many many many Google hits on the topic all proved mostly unhelpful.

On a simple Laravel + Jetstream (Livewire version) installation, I needed DataTables to work. This also means jQuery needs to be installed.

What follows are the various changes to the default files to make this work:

package.json (versions as at Jan 2022, run npm install after updating file):

    "devDependencies": {
        ...
        "datatables.net-dt": "^1.11.3",
        "jquery": "^3.4.1",
        ...

webpack.mix.js – Alpine.js has an idiosyncrasy which causes issues for jQuery – it is loaded via <script src="" defer> – emphasis on the defer. This means that jQuery won’t be available for your scripts within the Blade templates and, specifically, $(document).ready() will throw an exception because the jQuery function, $, will not be defined as yet. To solve this, we create a second new js file by adding the following line:

mix.js( "resources/js/alpine.js", "public/js" )

resources/js/app.js – we need to remove the Alpine.js lines from here and place them in a new file, resources/js/alpine.js. Specifically – move the following lines:

import Alpine from 'alpinejs';
window.Alpine = Alpine;
Alpine.start();

resources/js/bootstrap.js – I added the following bolded lines:

window._ = require('lodash');

/**
 * We'll load jQuery and the Bootstrap jQuery plugin which provides
 * support for JavaScript based Bootstrap features such as modals 
 * and tabs. This code may be modified to fit the specific needs of
 * your application.
 */

window.$ = window.jQuery = require('jquery');


// Datatables
window.DataTable = require('datatables.net-dt');

...

Lastly, edit the template to not defer app.js and to load your new alpine.js file. In resources/views/layouts/app.blade.php, remove the script line for app.js and replace it with the following two lines:

<script src="{{ mix('js/app.js') }}"></script>
<script src="{{ mix('js/alpine.js') }}" defer></script>

I think the biggest confusion here was that there were no changes required to webpack.mix.js specifically for DataTables despite many online resources making changes there. Perhaps it was earlier versions of Mix? The second confusing issue was Alpine.js and the effects of ‘defer’ring app.js.

With the above, DataTables (and jQuery) are now available as usual in your Blade templates:

<script>
    $(document).ready(function () {
        $('#clients-table').DataTable();
    });
</script>

Logging Changes in Laravel Eloquent

So you need to log changes to some / all database records, who made them, when and what was added / changed deleted? An easy an effective way to do this with Laravel Eloquent models is via a custom Observable trait. On any model that you wish to track changes for, you then just add the trait to the model (and an optional static function to set the message format):

use App\Traits\Observable;

Let’s start with the migration we need for a table in the database to record all these changes:

public function up() {
  Schema::create('logs', function (Blueprint $table) {
    $table->id();
    $table->unsignedBigInteger('user_id')->nullable();
    $table->string('model',100);
    $table->string('action',7);
    $table->text('message');
    $table->json('models');
    $table->timestamps();

    $table->foreign('user_id')->references('id')->on('users');
  });
}

The Observable trait looks like:

namespace App\Traits;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;

use App\Models\Log;

trait Observable
{
  // bootObservable() will be called on model instantiation automatically
  public static function bootObservable() {
    static::saved(function (Model $model) {
      // create or update?
      if( $model->wasRecentlyCreated ) {
        static::logChange( $model, 'CREATED' );
      } else {
        if( !$model->getChanges() ) {
          return;
        }
        static::logChange( $model, 'UPDATED' );
      }
    });
      
    static::deleted(function (Model $model) {
      static::logChange( $model, 'DELETED' );
    });
  }
  
  public static function logChange( Model $model, string $action ) {
    Log::create([
      'user_id' => Auth::check() ? Auth::user()->id : null,
      'model'   => static::class,
      'action'  => $action,
      'message' => static::logSubject($model),
      'models'  => [
        'new'     => $action !== 'DELETED' ? $model->getAttributes() : null,
        'old'     => $action !== 'CREATED' ? $model->getOriginal()   : null,
        'changed' => $action === 'UPDATED' ? $model->getChanges()    : null,
      ]
    ]);
  }

  /**
   * String to describe the model being updated / deleted / created
   * Override this in the model class
   * @return string
   */
  public static function logSubject(Model $model): string {
    return static::logImplodeAssoc($model->attributesToArray());
  }

  public static function logImplodeAssoc(array $attrs): string {
    $l = '';
    foreach( $attrs as $k => $v ) {
      $l .= "{ $k => $v } ";
    }
    return $l;
  }
}

So, again, just use this trait in any model and you have full logging of changes to the database.

You’ll find complete files for the above and an example usage with the User class on this GitHub Gist.

2FA and User Session Management in IXP Manager

We’ve just released IXP Manager v5.3.0. The headline feature in this release is two-factor authentication (2fa) and user session management. This blog post overviews the PHP elements on how we did that.

While IXP Manager is a Laravel framework application, it uses Doctrine ORM as its database layer via the Laravel Doctrine bridge. For those curious, this really is a carry over from when IXP Manager was a Zend Framework application. For the migration, we concentrated on the controller and view elements of the MVC stack leaving the model layer on Doctrine. Over time we’ll probably migrate the model layer over to Laravel’s Eloquent.

Before reading on, it would be useful to first read the official documentation we have written aroud 2fa and user session management:

Hopefully the how we did this will be useful for anyone else in the same boat or even just trying to understand the Laravel authentication stack.

Two factor authentication (2fa) strengthens access security by
requiring two methods (also referred to as factors) to verify your
identity. Two factor authentication protects against phishing, social
engineering and password brute force attacks and secures your logins
from attackers exploiting weak or stolen credentials.

User session management allows a user to be logged in and remembered from multiple browsers / devices and to manage those sessions from within IXP Manager.

For 2fa, we used the antonioribeiro/google2fa-laravel package which is built on antonioribeiro/google2fa. If we were 100% in Laravel’s eco-system the would have been easier but because we use Doctrine, we needed to override a number of classes.

Structurally we need a database table to indicate if a user has 2fa enabled and to hold their 2fa secret – for this we created Entities\User2FA. Similarly, we have a controller to handle the UI interaction of enabling, configuring and disabling 2fa: User2FAController – this also includes generating QR codes for the typical 2fa activation process.

On the user session management side, we created Entities\UserRememberToken to hold multiple tokens per user (rather than Laravel’s default single token in a column in the user’s user database entry. For the frontend UI, UserRememberTokenController allows a user to view their active sessions and invalidate (delete) them if required.

The actual mechanism of enforcing 2fa is via middleware: IXP\Http\Middleware\Google2FA. This is added, as appropriate, to web routes via the RouteServiceProvider. This will check the user’s session and if 2fa is enabled but has not been completed, then the middleware will enforce 2fa before granting access to any routes covered by it.

Note that because we also implemented user session management via long-lived cookies and because the fact that a user has passed 2fa or not is held in the session, we need to persistently store the fact in the user’s specific remember token database entry. This is done via the Google2FALoginSucceeded listener. This is then later checked in the SessionGuard – where, if we log a user in via the long-lived cookie, we also make them as having passed 2fa if so set.

Speaking of the SessionGuard, this was one of the bigger changes we had to make – we overrode the Illuminate\Auth\SessionGuard as we needed to replace a few functions to make 2fa and user session management work. We have kept these to a minimum:

  1. The user() function – Laravel’s long lived session uses a single token but we require a token per device / browser. We also need to side-step 2fa for existing sessions as discussed above and allow for features such as allowing a user to delete other long-lived sessions and to provide functionality to allow these sessions to expire.
  2. The ensureRememberTokenIsSet() to actually create per-browser tokens (and to expire old ones).
  3. The queueRecallerCookie() so we can insert our own token rather than the default Laravel version.
  4. The cycleRememberToken() which is actually used to invalidae a token by changing it in Laravel. We override to delete the token.

Similarly we have to override the DoctrineUserProvider class to:

  1. Change retrieveByToken() to use our new database in which a user may have multiple sessions across different browsers / devices.
  2. Add addRememberToken() and purgeExpiredRememberTokens() to add and remove tokens.

We of course had to ammend the AuthServiceProvider to use our new overridden classes.

The above constitutes a bulk to the changes. Because 2fa can be enforced via middleware, it doesn’t really touch the core Laravel authentication process. The user session management was more invasive and responsible for the bulk of the changes required in the DoctrineUserProvider and SessionGuard.

What’s not mentioned above is the views – these are mainly covered in the views/user-remember-token (with a lot of inheritence from views/frontend) and the views/user/2fa directories.

While there are a lot more changes between v5.2.0 and v5.3.0 than 2fa and user session management, you can see the complete set of changes here.

Single-Page Applications – New Laravel Frameworks

Single-page applications (SPAs) are web-based applications that rewrite the current browser DOM rather than doing full page reloads. They look and feel responsive and crisp but are pretty complex to write. At least differently complex – the balance of developer knowledge moves from backend templates and view logic to pretty heavy frontend JavaScript. It’s also quite hard to migrate traditional web-based applications.

Some of the more popular SPA frameworks include Vue.js with Vue Router; Ember.js; and AngularJS. For anyone coming across this for the first time, Vue.js looks really interesting.

There’s a new framework that works with Laravel and tries to bridge the gap between the traditional full page reload model and the new SPA model called Inertia.js. Jonathan’s stated goal with this is:

I wanted to blend the best parts of classic server-side apps (routing, controllers, and ORM database access) with the best parts of single-page apps (JavaScript rendering and no full page reloads).

There’s also a second new framework that’s in this between-two-houses-mould but still quite different called Livewire. It really is best to look at the code to see how this works – it really is different but also very interesting.

Migrating Legacy Web Applications to Laravel

Originally published in php[architect] Magazine, March 2019 issue. [PDF] and discussed in Building Bridges (podcast), php[podcast] – The Official Podcast of php[architect], March 25th 2019. [Official Link] [Local Copy]

Thanks to Taylor Otwell’s Laravel framework, PHP is reclaiming its rightful place as the go-to language for web application development. For those of us maintaining and developing applications using legacy frameworks, the grass certainly looks greener on Laravel’s side. In this article, I will show you how to do an in-place migration from a legacy framework to Laravel.

Introduction

IXP Manager is an open source tool we developed at INEX for managing IXPs (internet exchange points – network switching centers which facilitate the regional exchange of internet traffic between different networks). It has run on Zend Framework V1 (ZF1) since 2008.

As most readers will know, ZF1 went end-of-life in 2016, but its obituary was written a couple years before that. In 2015, we released V4 of IXP Manager which was a framework transition release. Over the course of nine minor releases of V4, we migrated from ZF1 to Laravel finally completing the project with V4.9 released in January of 2019.

Admittedly, a two and half year transition sounds like a long time but this was an in-place migration where Laravel handled new and migrated controllers while anything still to be migrated fell back on ZF1. You should also note the IXP Manager project has a single full-time developer plus me when time allows.

The Approach

There are two possible approaches to migrating your application to Laravel: a flag-day or an in-place/side-by-side migration.

Your gut feeling may lean towards a flag day – let’s just get this done” – but it is the more drastic path. It means pausing all feature development and rewriting the application completely. In any project, commercial or open source, this is a very difficult argument to make. For a commercial project, it puts a real cost on the migration: ( number of developers * monthly salary * n months ) + the opportunity cost of the development freeze where n will realistically be six months at an absolute minimum. This will be very difficult to get approved by the higher-ups! Plus, have you ever met a development project that finished on time? That six months will creep to a year and even beyond very quickly.

With the in-place migration, we add Laravel to our application so that it has the first opportunity to service a request (route). Otherwise, it hands off to the legacy framework. This has two immediate advantages: you can develop all new features immediately on Laravel as well as use Laravel features and facades within the legacy framework. It also means you can migrate legacy controllers on a case-by-case basis as time and resources allow. Migrating the smaller/easier legacy controllers are also excellent projects for interns, student work experience or new hires getting up to speed. The true cost is buried in day-to-day development, there’s no promised flag-day deadline to miss, and there’s no frustrating feature freeze.

Making the Case

Part of making the case to fellow developers and decision makers in your organization is being able to reference that Laravel is now the number one web application framework on GitHub – across all languages. Other important arguments include:

  1. Prevent developer apathy: or, better phrased for management, retain key employees and attract more developers. Let’s face it, as developers, we prefer to engage in projects that use current frameworks and which support modern versions of PHP (i.e., greater than or equal to 7.1).
  2. You will have to eventually: this is a corollary of the above point. If you do not migrate to a modern framework, then you will inevitably face each of the following consequences. You will hemorrhage employees/developers, and your code will grow more outdated and consequently prove more difficult and costly to upgrade eventually. You’ll be running on frameworks that have passed end-of-life and end-of-support which means security holes will be discovered but remain unpatched and you’ll be forced to run older operating systems to run older versions of PHP for framework compatibility yielding yet more known but unpatched security holes.
  3. Develop with modern techniques and services: Laravel makes it incredibly easy to use modern features such as job queues, an integrated command line interface, broadcasting, caching, events with listeners, scheduling, modern templating engine, database abstraction and ORM, and more.
  4. Reference applications: refer to projects that successfully demonstrate an in-place migration including IXP Manager which supports critical internet infrastructure in 70 locations around the world and has successfully completed the migration, and LibreNMS, a hugely popular network monitoring system with thousands of installations that is also well along the path of replacing a custom framework with Laravel.

Prerequisites

Before you start the process of integrating Laravel for an in place migration, you need to ensure your existing application is ready for it.

Your legacy application needs to use Composer, a dependency manager for PHP. If you are not using it already, it will need to be integrated into your application by using autoloaders (classmap, psr-0/4) for existing namespaces (whether modern PHP namespaces or the Zend_ type prefix).

Your application should have a single point of entry (e.g., index.php). If it doesn’t, you can create an index.php to handle this by (carefully and securely) examining the $_REQUEST object and running the requested script from a new index.php.

Your application entry point should exist in a dedicated subdirectory such as public/ – i.e., the framework and other PHP files should not be exposed by your web server. This should be fairly easy to retrofit if not already in place.

The Migration

Step One: Install Laravel

The first step is to install the Laravel application base files alongside your existing application files. Begin by installing Laravel using its own documentation into a separate directory and then move the files over to your application root directory in a piecemeal fashion.

You will need to resolve any filename or directory conflicts, and you should do this by moving your own files out of the way and renaming or refactoring them rather than altering Laravel’s files. The level of effort here will be framework dependent, but the good news is it was very easy for ZF1. I also looked at the file and directory structures for CodeIgniter and Symfony, and both also seem like they shouldn’t pose any significant problems. Lastly, if you are running a custom or non-application framework (LibreNMS was in this category), you will still be able to use the technique I am demonstrating here. Continue reading and pay particular attention to moving but keeping your index.php in step two below.

When you complete the file moves as shown by example in Listing 1, examine any files remaining in the Laravel directory and move them if necessary/desired. Also, note the example was based on Laravel v5.7 so your mileage may vary for other versions.

# Get the Laravel files from GitHub:
git clone https://github.com/laravel/laravel.git

# Switch to the version of Laravel you want to migrate to:
cd laravel
git checkout vx.y.z

# Assuming you are in the new Laravel app directory above
# and your legacy application is located at ../legacyapp

# You can start to move the files as follows (and feel free
# to break this into smaller steps if there are conflicts):
mv app/ artisan bootstrap/ config/ database/ package.json \
   phpunit.xml resources/ routes/ server.php storage/     \
   tests/ webpack.mix.js    ../legacyapp

mv .env.example ../legacyapp/.env
mv public/js/app.js ../legacyapp/public/js
mv public/css/app.css ../legacyapp/public/css

# For now, we ignore public/index.php and we do not need
# any of composer.json, readme.md, vendor/ or CHANGELOG.md

As well as the base Laravel files, you also need the actual Laravel framework and supporting packages. Integrate the lines shown in Listing 2 to your composer.json file (ensuring you match this to your version of Laravel).

{
    "require": {
        "fideloper/proxy": "^4.0",
        "laravel/tinker": "^1.0",
        "laravel/framework": "5.7.*"
    },
    "require-dev": {
        "beyondcode/laravel-dump-server": "^1.0",
        "filp/whoops": "^2.0",
        "fzaninotto/faker": "^1.4",
        "mockery/mockery": "^1.0",
        "nunomaduro/collision": "^2.0",
        "phpunit/phpunit": "^7.0"
    },
    "autoload": {
        "psr-4": {
            "App\\": "app/"
        },
        "classmap": [
            "database/seeds",
            "database/factories"
        ]
    },
    "autoload-dev": {
        "psr-4": {
            "Tests\\": "tests/"
        }
    }
}

You should now run composer update to install Laravel and its dependencies. You should also examine the other sections of Laravel’s composer.json file including the config, extra, and scripts sections and copy them across.

Before you proceed any further, you should check that your legacy application continues to work as expected. While we have installed Laravel’s files and supporting libraries, we have not changed index.php so your application should run as it always has. If you have integration tests, they can really shine here. If you don’t, consider writing them as you port functionality over to Laravel. Diagnose and fix any issues now.

Step Two: Activate Laravel as the Default Framework

You need to verify you successfully completed Step One. To do this, move your index.php out of the way (e.g., mv index.php legacy_index.php) and copy over Laravel’s own index.php to replace it. Ensure Laravel starts up instead of your own legacy application. If it works, you will see the standard Laravel application welcome page. If this does not work, diagnose and fix those issues now.

When finished, leave Laravel’s index.php in place. The handoff to the legacy framework will happen within the Laravel application and not index.php.

Step Three: Hand Off to Legacy Framework

There are two ways to hand off to the legacy framework I have seen in use: the way we did it with IXP Manager via a 404 error handler and the way LibreNMS did it using a catch all route. I will show you both methods here, and you can choose which suits you.

Using a 404 Handler

In Laravel, if a route does not exist to handle a request, it throws a 404 exception. In Laravel v5.7, this gets handled in app/Exceptions/Handler.php:

class Handler extends ExceptionHandler {
    // ...

    public function render($request, Exception $exception)
    {
        return parent::render($request, $exception);
    }
}

We augment this render() function to handle 404 exceptions differently by handing them off to the legacy framework – here’s a skeleton example.

use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Exception\{
    NotFoundHttpException };

public function render($request, Exception $exception) {
   if( $exception instanceof NotFoundHttpException ) {
      // pass to legacy framework - contents of index.php
      die();
   }
}

Before we fill in the detail of pass to legacy framework contents of index.php above, we need to decide how to actually handoff. We could just jam in the contents of legacy_index.php and it would work fine. But as we migrate more and more elements to Laravel, we’ll find various complications that make this unwieldy. A better way to handle the legacy framework within Laravel is to treat it as a service provider. For example, we could create a file app/Providers/ZendFrameworkServiceProvider.php as shown in Listing 3.

class ZendFrameworkServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider{
   protected $defer = true;

   public function register() {
      $this->app->singleton("ZendFramework",function($app){

         // here are the contents of the legacy index.php:
         require_once “Zend/Application.php”;
         $zf = new Zend_Application(
            $app->environment(), $this->createOptions()
         );

         return $zf->bootstrap();
      });
   }
}

IXP Manager’s actual production version of this can be seen here in our v4.8 GitHub tree. You should note we have completely removed Zend’s own configuration INI files at this point and instead take the configuration directly from Laravel’s config/ files. This is then passed into the legacy framework as an array. Our application only has one configuration mechanism (more on this later).

Also, to make require_once "Zend/Application.php" work, we installed the ZF1 library via Composer. As mentioned above, you can use classmaps, psr-0, or psr-4 within Composer to ensure Laravel can resolve your legacy application’s namespace.

Do not forget to register the new service provider in config/app.php:

   'providers' => [
      // ...
      App\Providers\ZendFrameworkServiceProvider::class,
      // ...
   ],

Now that we have our legacy framework service provider, we can return to the 404 exception handler’s (app/Exceptions/Handler.php) render() function and fill in the missing piece:

// Render an exception into a HTTP response
public function render( $request, Exception $exception ) {
  if( $exception instanceof NotFoundHttpException ) {
    // pass to legacy framework
    App::make("ZendFramework")->run();
    die(); // prevent Laravel sending a 404 response
  }
}

There are some great advantages to using a service provider and putting Laravel first:

  • You can use all of Laravel’s facades immediately in your legacy code (e.g., Cache::, Queue::, Mail::, etc.).
  • You can migrate code on an action by action basis rather than controller by controller or even have Laravel handle new action based requests for existing legacy controllers.
  • you can eventually cleanly and simply remove the legacy framework by removing the 404 handler lines, the entry in config/app.php, legacy related packages from composer.json, and the legacy service provider.

Using a Default Route

This is how the LibreNMS project handled the side-by-side migration. At the end of Laravel’s routes/web.php file, they added:

// Legacy Framework Routes
Route::any( "/{path?}", "LegacyController@index" )
    ->where( "path", ".*" );

This catches all routes not having a specific previous match in Laravel in the same way the 404 handler does. They then hand off to to the legacy framework in a controller (app/Http/Controllers/LegacyController.php) as follows:

namespace App\Http\Controllers;
class LegacyController extends Controller {
    public function index($path = "") {
        ob_start();
        include base_path("html/legacy_index.php");
        return response( ob_get_clean() );
    }
}

This will also work, but be aware you’ve entered Laravel’s HTTP kernel handling, and loaded and run all middleware associated with the web routes. This can be useful in some circumstances, but the 404 handler method will generally be more efficient.

Continuing the Migration

You can now proceed with the migration on a controller by controller basis (or action by action) along with the views and models as necessary.

Other Considerations

Parallel Configurations

For our own project, our users download, install, and maintain it themselves. As the in-place migration went on for two years, it would have been completely unreasonable – and downright confusing – to ask those users to configure and maintain settings in two different places and using two different methods (ZF1’s application.ini file and Laravel’s .env).

Instead, we chose to configure everything in Laravel from the beginning. In our ZendFrameworkServiceProvider we then build an array using Laravel’s config() function in the same format ZF1 would have when reading the application.ini file. This array is then passed as a parameter when instantiating the legacy service provider. We already provided a link to the production version of this file in GitHub above.

If your application is an in-house enterprise system or a cloud-based hosted service, this may not be an issue for you. But if you expect your end users to install and configure the application, switching to use Laravel configuration only and passing that to the legacy framework is definitely the developer-friendly choice.

Session Management

I was quite worried about this one from the outset and had nightmares of the legacy framework and Laravel tripping over each other in PHP’s default session management system. Then, I discovered these comments within Laravel’s session middleware framework files:

// If a session driver has been configured, we will need to
// start the session here so that the data is ready for an
// application. Note that the Laravel sessions do not make
// use of PHP "native" sessions in any way since they are
// crappy.

I won’t start an argument on whether the statement is true or not, but from a migration point of view, it’s a really useful position for Laravel to take. Essentially, as Laravel implements its own cookie-based session management system, there are no conflicts with any other legacy frameworks. It essentially just works.

If you need to access the Laravel session in your legacy code, you can use the Session:: facade.

User Authentication

Frameworks typically handle user authentication using sessions. As Laravel has its own session management system, our goal is to ensure when a user has logged into one framework, they are logged into the other framework (and same for logging out).

We choose to leave the migration of the authentication controller until last – there was no particular reason for this, but it was going to be the first thing we did or the last. In the end, we just felt it was one of the more complex systems, and it would be easier to start with some of the simpler controllers. This meant we needed to ensure we logged into Laravel if we were logged into ZF1 (and logged out as appropriate).

There are a few ways (and places) to handle this. We chose to add a block of temporary code to the top of routes/web.php as it is executed on every request and it is a file that is edited regularly so we could be confident we would also remember to remove it when the migration was complete. It looked like this:

if( php_sapi_name() !== "cli" ) {
    $auth = Zend_Auth::getInstance();
    if( $auth->hasIdentity() && Auth::guest() ) {
        Auth::login( App\User::findOrFail( $auth->getId() ) );
    } else if( !$auth->hasIdentity() ) {
        Auth::logout();
    }
}

First, we do not run the code if we are running on the CLI (e.g., an Artisan command).

The if() statement says if we are logged into ZF1 and not Laravel, then log into Laravel. Conversely, the else if() asks if we are not logged into ZF1 then ensure we are also not logged into Laravel.

When the time comes to plan the migration of the authentication system, it is an opportune moment to consider other enhancements including:

  • integrate Laravel Socialite which allows users to log in with OAuth providers such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google, GitHub, GitLab, and many more;
  • add 2-factor authentication;
  • add Log in As functionality which is useful for diagnosing issues as end users see them (see the viacreative/sudo-su package for a good example of this);
  • and, of course, upgrade password hashing to bcrypt/Argon2.

Duplication of Views/Templates

One of the more significant headaches of an in-place migration is having to duplicate your layout views (menus, headers, footers, etc.) and maintain both versions during the process. When you do this, you will want to keep the new Laravel view template layouts as close to the legacy ones as possible. This ensures your end users will not realize two frameworks are running the backend.

This doesn’t mean you can’t modernize the frontend libraries. For example, you could still upgrade from Bootstrap v2 to Bootstrap v4 and smooth out the differences with custom CSS.

Also, as you migrate actions and controllers, don’t forget to update links in both sets of views.

ORM/Database Model Migration

Laravel has a very nice ORM called Eloquent. It also has its own DBAL (database abstraction layer) on which Eloquent is built. As you migrate the legacy application, you will also need to consider how best to migrate the legacy database code.

If you have been using PHP’s mysql_* functions directly or have built up a custom library to wrap the usage of these functions, you should just bite the bullet and move to Eloquent as you migrate.

Our situation with IXP Manager was a little different as we migrated to Doctrine2 in 2012 so we were already using a high-performance modern ORM library. Rather than try and migrate this, we were fortunate the Laravel Doctrine project provides a drop-in Doctrine2 implementation for Laravel 5+. This allowed us to use our Doctrine entities and repositories in both the legacy and Laravel framework in parallel.

Tracking Progress

This is accomplished by watching the number of legacy controllers (or files) you still have to reduce with each iteration. As each action/controller is migrated, the legacy code should be removed. This is accompanied by a nice endorphin release when you commit and push deletions of legacy code!

The typical decision to migrate a controller was either:

  • no pressing feature requests so pick off the next controller and migrate it; or,
  • there was a required new feature in a legacy controller, so the feature was implemented in Laravel as part of the process of migrating the controller.

About 18 months into the IXP Manager migration project, we estimated we were about 75 percent of the way to removing ZF1. The remaining legacy controllers were static code which were rarely touched. To bring it over the line, we put two months of concentrated effort into this while still not neglecting other smaller improvements, bug reports, and feature requests.

Summary

This article is a write-up of a talk I gave at the Laravel Live UK conference in 2018. Let me close with some encouragement: while migrating a large application to a new framework is a daunting and time-consuming task, it is possible. IXP Manager has roughly 85k lines of PHP code, and we got through it with a single full-time developer in a little over two years while still adding and improving features.

Please feel free to reach out to me on @barryo79 with comments and questions.

Migrating Legacy Web Applications to Laravel

I gave a talk on migrating legacy web applications to Laravel at last year’s Laravel Live UK conference in London. Those that rated it gave it high marks which is always brilliant feedback to receive.

2018 was Laravel Live UK’s inaugural conference and it was a packed house. They’ve just announced the dates for 2019 and I would strongly recommend attending for anyone using or interested in use Laravel.

Following the conference, I wrote up the talk as an article and it has just been published in the March 2019 edition of php[architect]. This is an excellent magazine which I’ve subscribed to for a few years now – the digital edition is very reasonable and comes as a DRM-free PDF onto an app on your phone/pad or downloaded to your computer.

As it happens, they chose this article as the teaser for this issue and so it is freely available online here and downloadable as a PDF here. But seriously, if you are a PHP developer, you need to subscribe to this magazine.

Lastly, if you are interested in the slide deck from the conference, you can download them here – but the article is a much better way to understand this material.

Switching Between PHP Versions on MacOS

When switching between different PHP projects (or different branches of one PHP project), you often need to switch PHP versions. Particularly as older libraries will not run on newer versions of PHP. After losing patience with how the otherwise excellent Homebrew handles this, I stumbled upon this super-useful tool: switch-php.

This seems to have been written for PHP developers and integrates brilliantly with Laravel Valet. Here’s an example of switching from PHP 7.3 to 7.2:

$ php -v 
PHP 7.3.0 (cli) (built: Dec  7 2018 11:00:11) ( NTS ) 
Copyright (c) 1997-2018 The PHP Group 

$ switch-php 7.2 
Valet stopped ✔ 
PHP switched ✔ 
Valet started ✔ 

You are now using PHP 7.2.13 

$ php -v 
PHP 7.2.13 (cli) (built: Dec  7 2018 10:41:23) ( NTS ) 
Copyright (c) 1997-2018 The PHP Group

UI Tests with Laravel Dusk for IXP Manager

We use standard PHPUnit tests for IXP Manager for some mission critical aspects. These take data from a test database filled with known sample data (representing a range of different member configurations). The tests then use this information to generate configurations and compare these against known-good configurations.

This way, we know that for a given set of data, we will get a predictable output so long as we haven’t accidentally broken anything in development.

But, as an end user, how do you know that what you stick in a web-based form gets put into the database correctly? And conversely, how do you know that form represents the database data correctly when editing?

This is an issue we ran into recently around some checkbox logic and a dropdown showing the wrong selected element. These issues are every bit as dangerous to mission critical elements as the output tests we do with PHPUnit.

To test the frontend, we turn to Laravel Dusk – an expressive, easy-to-use browser automation and testing API. What this actually means is that we can right code like this:

$this->browse( function( $browser ) use ( $user ) {
    $browser->visit('/login')
        ->type( 'username', $user->email )
        ->type( 'password', 'secret' )
        ->press('Login')
        ->assertPathIs('/home')
        ->assertSee( 'Welcome to IXP Manager ' . $user->name );

We have now added Dusk tests for UI elements that involve adding, editing and deleting all aspects of a member interface and all aspects of adding, editing and delete a router object. Here’s an example of the latter:

Laravel Dusk - Animated Gif Example

PhpStorm and Xdebug – macOS / Homebrew

After many years of Sublime Text and, latterly, Atom, I’ve decided to give an integrated IDE another look – this time PhpStorm. I’ve always dropped them in the past as they tended to crash (hello Zend Studio) and were slow as hell (hello again Zend Studio). But so far so good – I’m only a couple days into an evaluation license but it’s fast (admittedly I have fast laptops – Intel i7’s with four cores, PCI SSD and 16GB RAM) and it’s yet to crash.

One of the key advantages of IDE’s is integrated debugging. This was ridiculously easy with PhpStorm. I use Homebrew for PHP:

$ brew ls --full-name
 homebrew/completions/composer-completion
 homebrew/php/composer
 homebrew/php/php71
 homebrew/php/php71-intl
 homebrew/php/php71-mcrypt
 homebrew/php/php71-xdebug

I’ve then configured xdebug as follows:

$ cat /usr/local/etc/php/7.1/conf.d/ext-xdebug.ini
[xdebug]
zend_extension="/usr/local/opt/php71-xdebug/xdebug.so"
xdebug.remote_enable=1
xdebug.remote_host=localhost
xdebug.remote_port=9001
xdebug.remote_autostart=1
xdebug.idekey=PHPSTORM

If you’re not using Laravel’s Valet for local development then you should check it out immediately: https://laravel.com/docs/5.3/valet. If you are using it, issue a valet restart.

Port 9001 was chosen above as Valet tends to use 9000 also. We now need to reconfigure PhpStorm to list on this port. Open preferences and type xdebug into the search box. Then find Languages & Frameworks -> PHP -> Debug on the left hand navigation pane and change the port to 9001.

That’s pretty much it for PhpStorm. They really mean zero-configuration debugging. When editing a project in the IDE, there’s a Start Listening for PHP Debug Connections toggle icon in the top left – it looks like a phone. Just turn it on.

The last thing we need to do is have an easy way to enable Xdebug when we want it when testing our applications in the browser. Chrome has a very useful plugin for this: Xdebug-helper. Just install it and edit its options and change the IDE form Eclipse to PhpStorm. You can now use this to start a debug session from within Chrome to your listening PhpStorm IDE.

Oh, just found this useful resource also covering similar topics with a CGI/CLI xdebug split.

PHP – Set Array Value from Closure Evaluation

There are times when you need to set a PHP array value from evaluated PHP code. Sometimes, you need to this using variables that won’t conflict with the current scope and with throwaway code that you won’t need again – so a closure is ideal.

Typically, you’ll need to assign the closure to a variable but this will negate the above requirement to not interfere with the current scope.

Here’s a way to do this:

return [
    'key1' => call_user_func( function() {
        $somevar = fn();
        // generate value
        return $calculated_value;
    }),
];

This has proved particularly used in Laravel configuration files.